Distribution
The Cool Temperate Western Margin climate, also called the British Type climate, is found mostly along the western coasts of continents in the cool temperate latitudes, between 40° and 60° north and south of the equator.
Key regions include:
- British Isles and most of Western and Central Europe
- Northwestern USA and Canada
- Southern Chile
- South-eastern Australia
- New Zealand
This climate occurs where the westerly winds blow onshore throughout the year, bringing in moisture-laden air from nearby oceans.
Climate
This climate is known for its mild temperatures, abundant rainfall, and moderate seasonal variation.
Temperature:
- Summers are mild (around 15°C to 20°C)
- Winters are cool but not severe (around 0°C to 5°C)
- The annual temperature range is moderate (compared to continental climates), thanks to the influence of the ocean.
- The presence of warm ocean currents (like the North Atlantic Drift) helps keep winters warmer than expected at these latitudes.
Rainfall:
- Rainfall is well-distributed throughout the year, usually ranging from 600 mm to over 1500 mm annually
- Caused mainly by frontal or cyclonic rainfall, especially in winter
- Skies are often cloudy, and humidity levels stay relatively high year-round
Natural Vegetation
The natural vegetation here reflects the moderate temperatures and consistent moisture.
Key features:
- Dominated by temperate deciduous forests
- Common tree species: oak, beech, birch, elm, ash
- Trees shed their leaves in autumn to conserve moisture during the less sunny winter
- In wetter highlands, mixed forests with some coniferous species (like pine and fir) appear
- Much of the original forest has been cleared for farming, but some patches remain, especially in hilly areas
Economic Development
Thanks to its pleasant climate, fertile soils, and reliable rainfall, this region has become one of the most agriculturally and economically developed parts of the world.
Market Gardening:
- Found especially around urban centers in Europe, the US, and Australia
- Intensive farming of perishable crops like vegetables, fruits, and flowers
- Well-connected by road and rail for quick transport to markets
- Often practiced in small farms using modern methods like greenhouses and irrigation
Mixed Farming:
- The dominant agricultural system in the region
- Combines crop cultivation (like wheat, barley, oats) with animal husbandry (dairy cows, pigs, poultry)
- Ensures steady income throughout the year
- Uses mechanised equipment, crop rotation, and fertilizers for higher productivity
Sheep Rearing:
- Common in the upland areas of the British Isles, New Zealand, and parts of Australia
- Sheep are raised for meat (lamb/mutton) and wool
- Often practiced on large open pastures and involves selective breeding
Other Agricultural Activities:
- Dairying is widespread due to the lush pastures and cool climate (especially in New Zealand and Denmark)
- Horticulture and fruit farming are common in sheltered valleys and coastal plains
- In some areas, forestry is important, especially where the natural vegetation is partly restored (e.g., Scotland, Tasmania)
