Volcanism
What is Volcanism? Causes of Volcanism Types of Volcanoes Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms Global Distribution of Volcanoes Impact of Volcanism Volcanism in India Details about Types of Volcano 1. Shield Volcanoes 2. Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes) 3. Cinder Cone Volcanoes 4. Calderas 5. Lava Plateaus 6. Fissure Volcanoes 7. Submarine Volcanoes 8. Hotspot Volcanoes Interesting Trivia about […]
Historical Background: Company & Crown Rule
COMPANY RULE (1773-1858) 1. Arrival of the British East India Company (1600) Initial Purpose: The company initially had no political aims and focused on trade, primarily in Bengal and Surat. 2. Early Expansion (17th Century) 3. Political and Military Consolidation (18th Century) Early Reforms and Growing British Control Regulating Act of 1773 Amending Act of 1781 […]
Interior of Earth
Table 1: Abundant Elements in the Earth’s Crust Element Percentage by Weight Remarks Oxygen (O) 46.6% Most abundant element in the crust. Silicon (Si) 27.7% Forms silicate minerals (e.g., quartz). Aluminum (Al) 8.1% Found in feldspar and clay minerals. Iron (Fe) 5.0% Common in rocks like basalt and granite. Calcium (Ca) 3.6% Found in limestone […]
Cancer Microbiology: The Microbial Influence on Cancer Development and Treatment

“Your support today could save a life Tomorrow”. ONE WORLD, ONE GOAL– United against cancer. Theme of this year- “UNITED BY UNIQUE”, which emphasizes the importance of personalized, people- centered care in the fight against cancer. In the intricate dance of life, there is an unseen world thriving within us- A vast universe of Trillion […]
MSMEs: 2nd Engine of Growth
Recognized as the 2nd engine of growth in the Union Budget 2025-26, the government aims to boost MSMEs through financial support, skill development, and infrastructure upgrades. MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) are a vital part of India’s industrial economy. They contribute 36% to the country’s manufacturing GDP and account for 45% of its exports. These […]
A Maverick: The Man Who Changed India Forever—Homi J. Bhabha
Few nations are blessed with genius minds, few geniuses are fortunate to have like-minded leaders, and few leaders are fortuitous to have the resources to propel the geniuses to new heights. India can be counted as the most fortunate nation during its time of independence that it got scientific leaders like Homi Jehangir Bhabha, who […]
Geomorphic Processes
1. Introduction to Geomorphic Processes 2. Endogenic Processes 3. Exogenic Processes 4. Gradation 5. Landforms and their Evolution 6. Soil Formation 7. Significance of Geomorphic Processes 8. Human Impact on Geomorphic Processes 9. Conclusion
A1 Vs A2 MILK: The Battle for Better Health

Introduction Milk is described as nature’s ideal diet. However, to Indians, milk transcends dietary and nutritional perspectives. The identification of milk with the Indians continues to be linked not only in terms of economic contexts but also interwoven with the socio-cultural context. It is difficult to locate a home in India that doesn’t begin their day without milk. India is a land of milk with the production reaching 239.30 million tonnes […]
Paleolithic Age in India (2M-10,000 BC)
Introduction The ancient stage of human evolution and technological advancement is the Paleolithic Period, sometimes called the Old Stone Age. It is differentiated by early artistic expressions such as cave paintings and carvings, miniature sculptures, and the use of crude tools made of chipped stone. The Paleolithic Age in India is distinguished into three stages […]
Food Safety and Public Health: Are We Ready for the Next Pandemic?

Introduction Access to healthy and nutritious foods is critical to life, sustaining health. Providing healthy and nutritious food makes a healthy workforce, which is a major boost to the economy of any place. With exploration in medicine, environment, and agriculture, we are heading towards modernization. Hybrid food and food products due to new technology are […]