Breaking the Plaque Cycle: Vaccines to Combat Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a non-communicable disease (NCD) characterized by the stiffening of arterial walls due to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, and being a multifactorial NCD, it has been a leading and chief cause of mortality across the globe. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are causing an economic burden in all nations, with an additional greater impact in […]
Parliament
Introduction Parliament as the Legislative Organ: The Parliament of India is central to the democratic structure and follows the parliamentary model (Westminster system). It includes three parts: the President, the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). Constitutional Basis: Organisation of Parliament: President’s Role: Composition of the Two Houses: […]
Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG)
Introduction The Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG) is an autonomous body established in 1949 following a motion adopted by the Constituent Assembly (Legislative) on August 16, 1948. It serves as a platform for promoting inter-parliamentary relations and fostering cooperation among legislators both nationally and internationally. Rationale Composition Objectives Functions Parliamentary Friendship Groups (PFGs) Key Objectives of […]
Emergency Provisions
Introduction Part XVIII (Articles 352–360) of the Indian Constitution contains the emergency provisions. These clauses enable the Central Government to handle exceptional events that might compromise the democratic political system, the Constitution itself, the sovereignty, unity, integrity, and security of the country, or any other aspect. The Centre takes broad authority during an emergency and […]
Central Council of Ministers
Introduction India follows a parliamentary system of government based on the British model. The real executive power lies with the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Constitutional provisions related to it are mainly in Articles 74, 75, 77, 78, and 88. Article 74—Council of Ministers to Aid and Advise the President Article 75 […]
Inter-State Relations
Introduction India’s quasi-federal structure requires not just Centre-State cooperation but also harmonious inter-state relations for smooth governance. The Constitution provides mechanisms to resolve disputes and promote coordination among states through provisions on water disputes (Article 262), inter-state councils (Article 263), judicial recognition (Article 261), and trade & commerce (Articles 301-307). Additionally, Zonal Councils facilitate regional […]
Centre-State Relations
Introduction The Indian Constitution establishes a federal structure by dividing legislative, administrative, and financial powers between the Centre and States, while maintaining a unitary judiciary. Though both levels are supreme in their domains, coordination is essential for smooth governance. The Constitution provides detailed provisions to balance State autonomy with a strong Union to ensure national […]
Federal System
Introduction Governments across the world are classified into unitary and federal systems based on the relationship between the national government and regional governments. In a unitary system, all powers are centralized in the national government, whereas in a federal system, power is constitutionally divided between different levels of government. Classification of Governments Governments are classified […]
Parliamentary System
Introduction The parliamentary system of government is a democratic form of governance where the executive derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature. India has adopted this system, largely inspired by the British parliamentary model, but with distinct modifications to suit its diverse and federal structure. Parliamentary System in India The Constitution of […]
Basic Structure of the Constitution
Introduction A judicial theory known as the Basic Structure Doctrine restricts Parliament’s ability to modify the Constitution under Article 368. It ensures that, even through a constitutional amendment, certain fundamental characteristics—such as democracy, secularism, judicial independence, and federalism—cannot be altered. Although not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, this doctrine emerged from Supreme Court decisions. It […]
